Grind size dramatically affects extraction. Too fine = bitter and over-extracted. Too coarse = sour and weak.
Extra Fine (espresso): Texture like powdered sugar. Used for espresso machines. Brew time: 25-30 seconds.
Fine (AeroPress, Moka Pot): Texture like table salt. Smooth to touch. Brew time: 1-4 minutes.
Medium-Fine (pour over cone): Texture like sand. Most pour-over drippers. Brew time: 2-4 minutes.
Medium (drip coffee): Texture like sea salt. Standard for auto-drip makers. Brew time: 4-6 minutes.
Medium-Coarse (Chemex, Clever): Texture like coarse sand. Flat-bottom brewers. Brew time: 4-5 minutes.
Coarse (French Press, cold brew): Texture like breadcrumbs. Visible chunks. Brew time: 4 min (press) or 12-24 hours (cold brew).
Rub grounds between fingers. Too fine = sticks and clumps. Too coarse = falls apart immediately. Just right = slight resistance, mostly falls through.
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